DNS (Domain Name System)

The Internet was built on the notion that any computer on a global network can be identified by its numeric Internet Protocol (IP) address. But since people, and not machines, are the primary users of the Internet, a more people-friendly naming system called the Domain Name System (DNS) was invented. DNS maps a host name like www.opensrs.org to the IP address of the machine that hosts the OpenSRS web site. For example, DNS actually maps the host name www.opensrs.com to the IP address 207.136.98.175

DNS is built upon the notion that some server's are 'authoritative' (meaning, knows all there is to know) for certain domains. A distributed name server hierarchy, beginning with the A Root Server and ending at the thousands of nameservers active on the Internet, ensures that the naming and directing system works the same from anywhere.

   

  Domain Name

A domain name is essentially a signpost on the Internet. Almost every website you've ever been to, and every email you've ever composed, has used a domain name in its address.

People register domain names in order to 'stake a claim' to a particular name -- whether for business or personal reasons. Once a domain name is registered to a person or company, it is that person's to use exclusively as long as they continue to pay the yearly renewal fee and abide by the terms of use.

  Top Level Domain (TLD)

The portion of a traditional domain name that comes after the dot. So, in opensrs.org, the top level domain is .org. The generic top level domains (gTLDs) are .com, .net and .org; there are also country code top level domains (ccTLDs) such as .ca, or .uk.

   

The portion of a traditional domain name that comes before the dot. So, in opensrs.org, the second level domain is opensrs.

   

  Generic Top Level Domain (gTLD)

gTLDs are top level domains that are not associated with any country. Currently, the only gTLDs in existence are .com, .net and .org. Originally, the top level domain designation was meant to denote whether the domain name was being used for business (.com), charity/non-profit (.org), or for a network (.net). However, with the explosion of the Internet (and specifically, the world wide web) as a new business medium, the lines were blurred, and companies and individuals alike started cross-registering domains (ie. me.com, me.net, me.org) just to protect their interests. Now, .com, .net, and .org names (the generic Top Level Domains) can be used for any purpose. 

   

  Country Code Top Level Domain (ccTLD)

Every country (and a few territories) in the world has a reserved, two letter country code domain that is theirs to use as they see fit. Some countries run their own ccTLD registry, others outsource it to a private company, and still others sell rights to their ccTLD to third parties to run as they see fit.

Examples of ccTLDs are .ca (Canada), .us (United States), and .to (Tonga). In general, these are registered by businesses with a coincidental link to the TLD in question.

For example: .to is used more by Torontonians than Tongans and .tv has more American television content than native Tuvalu culture.

See also, DNS.

   

A "Registrar" (or "Domain Name Registrar") is an organization like OpenSRS or Network Solutions that has control over the granting of domains within certain TLDs (top level domains, like the generic .com/.org/.net or country-specific .ca/.us/.mx etc.).

 

   

The 'Registry' is the system backend that is maintained by the operators of the TLD. Registrar's write new names to a central registry database, from which the authoritative root (essentially, a table of all domain names) is built. In the case of .com, .net and .org, the InterNIC runs the registry, and qualified registrars have shared access to it. In the case of many ccTLDs, the registry and registrar functions are combined within one entity.

 

   

  Domain Registrant

A registrant is the person or company who registers a domain name. For example, Jessica Smith (registrant) registers the name jessicasmith.com through OpenSRS (registrar) who in turn writes the name to the central database (Registry).

 

   

  Domain Renewal

gTLDs:

Domains are leased on an annual basis, and need to be renewed once the current payment for the lease expires. If a domain is registered on April 15, 2000 and prepaid for one year, it will be due for renewal on April 15, 2001, at which point the registrant either pays for additional years, or lets the name expire. Domains can also be pre-paid for multiple years, up to a maximum of 10 years.

ccTLDs:

The *.uk registry, Nominet, has set registration and renewal periods for all .uk names at two years.

   

  Domain Transfer

The term 'transfer' has been used to describe various kinds of domain name transfers. Traditionally, simply changing the nameservers providing name service for a domain was considered a transfer. Nowadays, such a modification is more rightly called a modification, and the term 'transfer' describes the transfer of a domain from one registrar to another.

 

   

  ICANN

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is the non-profit corporation that was formed to assume responsibility for the IP address space allocation, protocol parameter assignment, domain name system management, and root server system management functions previously performed under U.S. Government contract by IANA and other entities.

For more information about ICANN, please visit: http://www.icann.org/

 

   

  InterNIC

The InterNIC maintains the root domain registry, containing nameserver and registrar information for all .com, .net and .org domains. When an end user registers a domain name through an OpenSRS RSP, OpenSRS updates it's own database with the full WHOIS information, and passes select domain information up to the root registry.

   

  Name Servers

Nameservers (or Domain Name Servers) are the machines that perform the DNS function, containing zone files listing all the hosts on their network, and their corresponding IP addresses. If a nameserver is unable to determine which IP address a given hostname (i.e. www.opensrs.org) should map to, it will at least be able to point to another nameserver, which will either contain the information, or pass the request on until the correct nameserver is found.

   

  Nominet

The Nominet is the registry for all .uk domain names, serving a simlar function as the NSI registry does for the gTLDs. Tucows is an authorized Nominet agent.

   

  OpenSRS (Open Shared Registration Sytem)

OpenSRS is a wholesale domain name registration service that uses Open Source principles to ensure equal participation for as many companies and individuals as possible. Sponsored by Tucows.com, OpenSRS has been accredited as a domain registrar by ICANN and recognized by the United States Government and Network Solutions.

For more detailed information on OpenSRS, see End User FAQ #4. The End User FAQ and General FAQ are also good sources for general information about OpenSRS.

   

  Registration Service Provider (RSP)

Under the OpenSRS model, the Registration Service Provider resells domain names through OpenSRS and sells them to individuals or businesses. RSPs are generally Internet based service providers, either running a domain registration business as a 'value add' to their core business, or in some cases, as their core business. RSPs also provide all technical support to domain registrants.

   

  UDRP

The Uniform Dispute Resolution policy is a document which governs how domain name disputes will be resolved within the gTLD namespace. It defines the conditions under which a genuine dispute may arise, and provides guidelines for administrative proceedings to settle the issue, outside of a court where possible. All registrants registering domains through OpenSRS (or any other registrar) are bound by the UDRP. The UDRP can be found at: legaludrp.html

   

  Web Hosting

One service often closely associated with domain names is web site hosting. The World Wide Web is a massive collection of web sites, all hosted on computers (called web servers) all over the world. Because of the web's uniquely global nature, a web site should be accessible 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Rather than pay to have a 24/7 dedicated Internet connection to an in-house webserver, many people opt to host their sites with a web hosting provider. Web hosting clients simply upload their web sites to a shared (or dedicated) webserver, which the ISP maintains to ensure a constant, fast connection to the Internet.

   

  WHOIS

WHOIS databases contain nameserver, registrar, and in some cases, full contact information about a domain name. Each registrar must maintain a WHOIS database containing all contact information for the domains they 'host'. A central registry WHOIS database is maintained by the InterNIC. This database contains only registrar and nameserver information for all .com, .net and .org domains.

For more information on WHOIS, see: http://opensrs.backland.net/newwhois.html and http://www.opensrs.org/Support_FAQ.shtml#Live_whois_confusion.

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